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In ancient times, people could not understand how a person takes iron, which is hard, strong, and transforms it into other objects with the help of fire. It was a very sacred image. Therefore, we have surnames associated with the token "blacksmith" most common throughout the world. In Ukrainian - Koval, Kovalenko, Kovalchuk, etc. In Russia - Kuznetsov, in Poland - Kowalski, in Germany - Schmidt, in England - Smith. This is all related to blacksmithing, because it is the most sacred profession on earth. Remember, for example, fairy tales. Where the blacksmith goes to the Snake to reforge the voice, because it is the blacksmith who can reforge.
In addition, in pre-Christian times, such events required a certain sacrifice. In ancient times, when human sacrifices had already been abandoned, it was necessary to sacrifice what was valuable to God. And cattle were valuable at that time. And thus we proceed to the rite of "driving the goat". That is, cattle were sacrificed, which was then replaced by baking cookies in the form of Christmas cattle. Why in ancient times carolers were associated with the afterlife At this time, the border between the worlds becomes so thin that there is a transition between them. It is also connected with honoring the dead. On the one hand, the dead were treated with tremendous respect and honor, as if they welcomed this transition. On the other hand, it is a little scary. We had to somehow protect ourselves from them.
"В то время, когда не было ни земли, ни неба, только одно синее море - среди этого моря стояло два дуба, а на дубах сидели два голуба; голуби спустились на дно моря, достали песка и камня, из которых и создались земля, небо и небесные светила". Мифологический сюжет, отраженный в этой старинной колядке, существовал еще в эпоху скифов: на бронзовом рельефе из скифского кургана есть и дерево с птицами, и солнце, и луна. Подобные сюжеты можно найти и на украинских вышитых полотенцах вплоть до начала XX века.
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