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The group of winter calendar songs consists of carols and Christmas songs. These are majestic songs of Ukrainian farmers, related to the Proto-Slavic cult of the Sun. The ancestors of Ukrainians celebrated three phases of the sun - spring equinox, summer and winter solstice. The New Year began for the ancient Slavs from the vernal equinox (as, after all, in other European nations). Only later, the celebration of the beginning of the new year was moved to the time of the winter solstice (somewhere from the 14th century). There is a hypothesis that the very name of the holiday - "carol" - and the songs - "carols" comes from the name of the New Year in Ancient Rome (Calendae lanuarie), which indicates close contacts of Ukrainian-Slavic culture with Greco-Roman in pre-Christian times. In Ukrainian folklore, a peculiar "memory" of the spring New Year's ritual is the spring theme of many carols and Christmas carols. For example, F. Koless believes that the authentic name of the winter majestic songs in Ukrainian territory was actually "carols". Already in the 19th century, significant differences between carols and Christmas carols in terms of subject matter actually disappeared (V. Hnatiuk).
На самом же деле примитивными украинцы тысячу лет назад или во времена Трипольской культуры явно не были, возможно, наоборот, именно календарно-обрядовое творчество и было тем источником, откуда наши Предки черпали вдохновение к высокомастерскому гончарству, кузнечному делу, написанию писанок и тому подобное. Колядки появились еще в календаре (который тогда назывался Колом) в языческое время и связаны с днем зимнего солнцестояния, которое называли праздником Коляды, или коротышки. По одной из легенд, в этот день Солнце съедает змей Коротышка. Всесильная богиня Коляда в днепровских водах рожала новое солнце – маленького Божича. Язычники пытались оградить новорожденного. Они прогоняли Коротана, который стремился съесть новое Солнце, а затем ходили от дома в дом, чтобы известить людей о рождении нового Солнца.
One of the beliefs leads us to the cult of ancestors, which is prominently featured in Christmas rituals. On "Holy Eve" (Christmas Eve), the evening dinner, consisting, in the Lubensk district, mainly of kuti and uzvar (dried fruit decoction), has a family and, in particular, memorial character: kuti is left for the night for deceased relatives; according to popular belief, vague reflections of small, doll-like people descending to the table can be seen on the wall. The ancient Slavs met the New Year with songs, dances, jokes of the dressed-up people, funny pranks. This cycle of rites received the general name - carols. Caroled in Russia since December 25. They dressed up in leather, put on scary masks, went from house to house, sang songs. It was still dark, on the early New Year's morning, there was a knock on the door or window. The owners already guessed who was knocking and opened the door hospitably. Guests entered the house, scattering bread grains around the house and chanting:
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